An infusion pump infuses fluids, medication or nutrients into a patient's circulatory system. It is generally used intravenously, although subcutaneous, arterial and epidural infusions are occasionally used.

Arcomedical VP7000 Infusion PumpInfusion pumps can administer fluids in ways that would be impractically expensive or unreliable if performed manually by nursing staff. For example, they can administer as little as 0.1 mL per hour injections (too small for a drip), injections every minute, injections with repeated boluses requested by the patient, up to maximum number per hour (e.g. in patient-controlled analgesia), or fluids whose volumes vary by the time of day.

Because they can also produce quite high but controlled pressures, they can inject controlled amounts of fluids subcutaneously (beneath the skin), or epidurally (just within the surface of the central nervous system- a very popular local spinal anesthesia for childbirth).

Types of infusion

The user interface of pumps usually requests details on the type of infusion from the technician or nurse that sets them up:

  • Continuous infusion usually consists of small pulses of infusion, usually between 20 nanoliters and 100 microliters, depending on the pump's design, with the rate of these pulses depending on the programmed infusion speed.
  • Intermittent infusion has a "high" infusion rate, alternating with a low programmable infusion rate to keep the cannula open. The timings are programmable.
  • Patient-controlled is infusion on-demand, usually with a preprogrammed ceiling to avoid intoxication. The rate is controlled by a pressure pad or button that can be activated by the patient. It is the method of choice for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).
  • Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) usually requires an infusion curve similar to normal mealtimes. Homecare patients who are on permanent TPN will normally feed during the night.


Some pumps offer modes in which the amounts can be scaled or controlled based on the time of day. This allows for circadian cycles that may be required for certain types of medication.
There are two basic classes of pumps. Large volume pumps can pump nutrient solutions large enough to feed a patient. Small-volume pumps infuse hormones, such as insulin, or other medicines, such as opiates.

Within these classes, some pumps are designed to be portable, others are designed to be used in a hospital, and there are special systems for charity and battlefield use.

Large-volume pumps usually use some form of peristaltic pump. Classically, they use computer-controlled rollers compressing a silicone-rubber or PVC tube through which the medicine flows. Another common form is a set of fingers that press on the tube in sequence.

The classic medical improvisation for an infusion pump is to place a blood pressure cuff around a bag of fluid. The battlefield equivalent is to place the bag under the patient. The pressure on the bag sets the infusion pressure. The pressure can actually be read-out at the cuff's indicator. The problem is that the flow varies dramatically with the patient's blood pressure (or weight), and the needed pressure varies with the administration route, making this quite risky for use by an untrained person. Pressures into a vein are ususally less than 8 lbf/in² (55 kPa. Epidural and subcutaneous pressures are usually less than 18 lbf/in² (125 kPa).

An air detector/filter is an essential safety device to keep air out of the patients' veins: doctors estimate that 0.55 cm³ of air per kilogram of body weight is enough to kill (200-300 cm³ for adults) by filling the patient's heart. Small bubbles could cause harm in arteries, but in the veins they pass through the heart and leave in the patients' lungs. The air filter is just a membrane that passes gas but not fluid or pathogens. When an large air bubble reaches it, it bleeds off.

Some of the smallest infusion pumps use osmotic power. Basically, a bag of salt solution absorbs water through a membrane, swelling its volume. The bag presses medicine out. The rate is precisely controlled by the salt concentrations and pump volume. Osmotic pumps are usually recharged with a syringe.

Spring-powered clockwork infusion pumps have been developed, and are sometimes still used in veterinary work and for ambulatory small-volume pumps. They generally have one spring to power the infusion, and another for the alarm bell when the infusion completes.

Battlefields often have a need to perfuse large amounts of fluid quickly, with dramatically changing blood pressures and patient condition. Specialized infusion pumps have been designed for this purpose.

Many infusion pumps are controlled by a small embedded system. They are carefully designed so that no single cause of failure can harm the patient. For example, most have batteries in case the wall-socket power fails. Additional hazards are uncontrolled flow causing an overdose, uncontrolled lack of flow, causing an underdose, reverse flow, which can siphon blood from a patient, and air in the line, which can starve a patient's tissues of oxygen if it floats to some part of a patient's body.

Safety features available on some pumps

The range of safety features varies widely with the age and make of the pump. A state of the art pump [2005] may have the following safety features:

  • Certified to have no single point of failure. That is, no single cause of failure should cause the pump to silently fail to operate correctly. It should at least stop pumping and make at least an audible error indication. This is a minimum requirement on all human-rated infusion pumps of whatever age. It is not required for veterinary infusion pumps.
  • Batteries, so the pump can operate if the power fails or is unplugged.
  • Anti-free-flow devices prevent blood from draining from the patient, or infusate from freely entering the patient, when the infusion pump is being set-up.
  • A "down pressure" sensor will detect when the patient's vein is blocked, or the line to the patient is kinked. This may be configurable for high (subcutaneous and epidural) or low (venous) applications.
  • An "air-in-line" detector. A typical detector will use an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver to detect when air is being pumped. Some pumps actually measure the volume, and may even have configurable volumes, from 0.1 to 2 ml of air. None of these amounts can cause harm, but sometimes the air can interfere with the infusion of a low-dose medicine.
  • An "up pressure" sensor can detect when the bag or syringe is empty, or even if the bag or syringe is being squeezed.
  • Many pumps include an internal electronic log of the last several thousand therapy events. These are usually tagged with the time and date from the pump's clock. Usually, erasing the log is a feature protected by a security code, specifically to detect staff abuse of the pump or patient.
  • Many makes of infusion pump can be configured to display only a small subset of features while they are operating, in order to prevent tampering by patients, untrained staff and visitors.

Chemotherapy given by pumps

'Infusion pumps' are now a common way of having chemotherapy via a central line. They supply a controlled amount of drugs very slowly into your bloodstream over a period of time. These portable pumps are often used for chemotherapy that you have over weeks or months.

The non-disposable type need re-filling from time to time. You can either go back to the hospital to have this done, have a district nurse to do it or sometimes, be taught how to do it yourself. You can go home with the pump and you may not need so many visits to hospital. The pump is quite small, about the size of a personal stereo. It may be either battery operated or of a disposable type.

You can carry it in a bag or belt holster that will be given to you at the hospital. A common way of giving intravenous chemotherapy is through a long plastic line called a 'central line'. These are called central lines because they end up in a central blood vessel in your chest, close to your heart.

One common type is a 'Hickman line'. Hickman lines usually enter your body in the centre of your chest. Then they run up, under your skin, to a large vein by your collarbone. The only bit you can see is the length of line that hangs out of the small entry hole in your chest.

Hickman LineHere is an image of a Hickman line.

 

Doctors prescribe intravenous drugs over different amounts of time, depending on the drug and the type of cancer it is treating. For instance, the drugs for each course of chemotherapy may be given as

  • An injection into a vein, over a few minutes
  • Through a drip (intravenous infusion) over anything from 30 minutes to a few hours
  • Through a drip or pump over 2 or more days
  • Through a pump that you wear over weeks or months
  • Chemotherapy given over weeks or months is most often called a 'continuous infusion'. But you may hear it called 'protracted venous infusion' (PVI) or 'ambulant infusion' (this just means you can walk around wearing the pump).

If the treatment only lasts a few hours, the drugs can be delivered as a day patient at the hospital. If the treatment takes longer than that, the patient may need to be admitted to a ward at the hospital. The use of pumps may allow even these treatments to be given as an outpatient.

Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion_pump
http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=303
http://www.aetna.com/cpb/data/CPBA0161.html